The Effect of Procurement Practices on Service Delivery: A Case Study of VRA, Ghana
Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting,
Page 1-23
DOI:
10.9734/ajeba/2019/v13i130164
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of procurement policy, procurement planning and sustainable procurement on service delivery. The study employed a quantitative research approach and explanatory design. The target population for the study was staff and management of the Volta River Authority. Structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data. The study used SPSS version 32.0 for the data analyses. The study found that 73.6% variations in service delivery were explained by Procurement Policy, Procurement Planning and Sustainable Procurement. The study found that Procurement Policy (β = 0.623 ρ=0.000< 0.05) are significant determinants of service delivery thus a unit change in procurement policy will result in 62.3% change in service delivery. Procurement Planning (β = 0.027, ρ=0.080< 0.05) are significant determinants of service delivery thus a unit change in procurement planning will result in 2.7% change in service delivery. Sustainable Procurement (β = 0.39 ρ=0.000 < 0.05) are a significant determinant of service delivery. Thus a unit change in Sustainable Procurement will result in 39% change in service delivery. From the model estimation, procurement policy was the strongest predictor of service delivery followed by sustainable procurement and lastly procurement planning. The study revealed a strong significant positive correlation between procurement policy and service delivery. Moreover, the result showed a strong significant positive correlation between procurement planning and service delivery. Again the study found a significant positive correlation between sustainable procurement and service delivery. The study concludes that Procurement Policy, Procurement Planning and Sustainable Procurement significantly predict service delivery of VRA. The study recommends that the management of VRA must continuously invest in sustainable procurement, procurement planning and procurement policy to enhance service delivery to the public.
Keywords:
- Procurement practices
- procurement planning
- procurement policy
- sustainable procurement.
How to Cite
Anane, A., Adoma, V., & Awuah, G. (2019). The Effect of Procurement Practices on Service Delivery: A Case Study of VRA, Ghana. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 13(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2019/v13i130164
References
Van Weele A. Purchasing and supply chain management, analysis, strategy, planning and practice, 4th edition, Thomson; 2014.
Ghana Integrity Initiative. Quarterly Newsletter; 2007.
Nichols P. Regulating transnational bribery in times of globalization and fragmentation. The Yale Journal of Internal law. 2002; 24(1):257-304.
Mullins DR. Accountability and coordination in a decentralized context: Institutional, fiscal and governance issues. Washington, DC: American University; 2003.
Organization Economy Corporation Development-development assistance commission. Methodology for assessment of national procurement systems. Paris, France: OECD; 2006.
Government Accountability Office. Framework for assessing the acquisition function at federal agencies (GAO-05-218G). Washington, DC: Author. Government of Uganda (2006). The Local Government (Amendments) Act, 2006. Kampala, Uganda: Author; 2005.
Trionfetti F. Discriminatory public procurement and international trade. World Economy. 2000; 23(1):57-76.
Leni W, Victoria C, Maia K, Dan H. Common constraints and incentive problems in service delivery. Overseas Development Institute. 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD. UK; 2012.
Available:www.odi.org.uk
ESMAP. UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme; 2002a.
Defee C, Williams B, Randall WS, Thomas R. An inventory of theory in logistics and SCM research. The International Journal of Logistics Management. 2010;21(3):404-489.
Mentzer JT, Stank TP, Esper TL. Supply chain management and its relationship to logistics. Marketing, Production, and Operations Management. Journal of Business Logistics. 2008;29(1):31-46.
Obanda WP. Fighting corruption in tactical procurement. PHD dissertation; 2010.
Scott W Richard. Institutional theory. In Encyclopedia of Social Theory, George Ritzer, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2004;408-14.
Brammer S, Walker H. Sustainable procurement in the United Kingdom public sector. University of Bath School of Management Working Paper Series; 2007.
Sutinen JG, Kuperan K. A socio-economic theory of regulatory compliance. International Journal of Social Economics. 1999;174-193.
Lisa I. Compliance culture. A conceptual framework. Journal of management and organization. 2010;19(7):702-714.
Wilmshurst T, Frost G. Corporate environmental reporting: A test of Legitimacy theory. Accounting, Auditing, and Accountability Journal. 2000;13(1):10-26.
Hui WS, Othman RO, Normah O, Rahman RA, Haron NH. Procurement issues in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Sector Management. Irwin. 2011;24(6): 567-593.
Mugenda OM, Mugenda AG. Research methods: Quantitative & qualitative approaches. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies; 2003.
Schooner S, Whiteman N. Purchase cards and micro purchases. Public Procurement Law Review. 2000;9(4):148-170.
Tkachenko A, Yakovlev A, Kuznetsova A. Sweet deals: State-owned enterprises, corruption and repeated contracts in public procurement. Economic Systems. 2017; 3(1):33-44.
Rehmatulla N, Smith T, Tibbles L. The relationship between EU's public procurement policies and energy efficiency of ferries in the EU. Marine Policy. 2017; 75:278-289.
Vecchiato R, Roveda C. Foresight for public procurement and regional innovation policy: The case of Lombardy. Research Policy. 2014;43(2):438-450.
Thai KV. Public procurement re-examined. Journal of Public Procurement. 2001;1(1): 950.
Arrowsmith S. Government Procurement in the WTO. The Haque/ London/New York. Kluver Law International; 2003.
Bolton P. Government procurement as a policy tool in South Africa. Journal of Public Procurement. 2006;6:193–217.
Snider KF, Rendon RG. Public procurement policy: Implications for theory and practice. Journal of Public Procurement. 2008;8(3):310-333.
Sollish FB, Semanik Jones. Procurement and Supply Manager’s Desk: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
Thai KV. Introduction to Public Procurement, (5thed.). Florida Atlantic University; 2009.
Schapper PR, Malta JNV, Gilbert DL. An analytical framework for the management and reform of public procurement. Journal of Public Procurement. 2006;6(1&3):1-26.
Pillary S. Corruption – the Challenge to Good Governance: A South African Perspective, Melbourne, Australia; 2004.
Lodhia SK, Burritt RL. Public sector accountability failure in an emerging economy: The case of the National Bank of Fiji. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 2004;17(4):345–359.
Akech JM. Development partners and governance of public procurement in Kenya. enhancing democracy in the administration of aid. International Law and Politics. 2005;37(4):829-68.
Tukamuhabwa BR. Antecedents and consequences of public procurement non-compliance behavior. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies. 2012; 4(1):34-46.
Cibinic Jr J, Nash Jr RC. Administration of Government Contracts. 3rd edn. Washington, DC. George Washington University, Government Contracts Program; 1995.
Basheka BC, Bisangabasaija E. Determinants of unethical public procurement in local government systems of Uganda: a case study. Int. J. Procurement Management. 2010;3(1):91-104.
Mahmood SAI. Public procurement and corruption in Bangladesh. Confronting the challenges and opportunities. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research. 2010;2(6):103-111.
Brown B, Hyer N. Managing Projects: A Team-Based Approach, International Edition, Singapore, McGraw- Hill; 2010.
Raymond J. Benchmarking in public Procurement. Benchmarking: An International Journal. 2008;15(6):782-793.
Mamiro RG. Value for money, the limping pillar in public procurement. Tanzania Procurement Journal. 2010;4 -5.
James UV. Public policy and the African environment: An examination of the Theory and practice of the planning process of the continent. In Kalu, A.K.(Ed.). Agenda Setting and Public Policy in Africa; Ashagte, England; 2004.
Roodhooft F, Abbeele AVD. Public procurement of consulting services Evidence and comparison with private companies. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 2006;19(5):490- 512.
Batley R. The new public management in developing countries: Implications for policy and organizational reform. Journal of International Development. 1999;11(5): 761-765.
Fisher E, Corbalán S. Fair trade and European public procurement: Legal principles and governance dynamics. Social Enterprise Journal. 2013;9(1):11-27.
Onyango CJ. Effects of procurement planning on institutional performance: A case study of Mombasa Law Court. International Journal of Science and Research. 2016;3(358):2319-7064.
Hussein IMR, Shale IN. Effects of sustainable procurement practices on organisational performance in manufacturing sector in Kenya: A case of Unilever Kenya Limited. European Journal of Business Management. 2014;1(11): 417-438.
David RA, Muthini JN. Influence of green supply chain management practices on procurement performance of private health institutions in Kenya: A case of Aga Khan Hospital Kisumu. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management. 2019; 6(2):1378-1396.
Nyoike, Ismail. Effects of sustainable procurement practices on service delivery in the manufacturing sector in Kenya: A case of Unilever Kenya Limited. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research. 2017;5(2): 298- 306.
Murutu. Sustainable procurement strategies and supply chain performance of five-star hotels in Nairobi County, Kenya. University of Nairobi; 2016.
Kiswili EN, Ismail NS. Role of sustainable procurement practices on supply chain performance of manufacturing sector in Kenya: A case study of East African Portland cement company. European Journal of Logistics, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 2016;4(3):1-31.
Aila, Ototo. Sustainable procurement concept: Does it all add up? International Journal of Development and Sustainability. 2018;7(2):448-457.
Islam M, Turki A, Murad W, Karim A. Do sustainable procurement practices improve organisational performance. Sustainability; 2017.
Oyuke OH, Shale N. Role of Strategic procurement practices on service delivery; A case study of Kenya national audit office county. European Journal of Business Management. 2014;2(1):336-341.
Boraya WN. Collaborative public procurement and performance among state corporations in Kenya. University of Nairobi; 2013.
Igarashi M, Boer L, Michelsen O. Investigating the anatomy of supplier selection in green public procurement. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014; 108(1):442-450
Uttam K, Roos C. Competitive dialogue procedure for sustainable public procurement. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;86(1):403-416. Van Weele AJ. Purchasing & Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice (4th ed.). Australia: Thomson; 2014.
Witjes S, Lozano R. Towards a more circular economy: Proposing a framework linking sustainable public procurement and sustainable business models. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2012;112(9): 37-44.
Sonnino R, McWilliam S. Food waste, catering practices and public procurement: A case study of hospital food systems in Wales. Food Policy. 2011;36(6):823-829.
Dixit S, Dubash N, Maurer C, Nakhooda S. Benchmarking Best Practice & Promoting Accountability in the Electricity Sector. Washington, DC: EGI; 2007.
EGI (Electricity Governance Initiative) South Africa. The governance of power: Shedding a light on the electricity sector in South Africa. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute and Prayas Energy Group; 2007.
Mahalingam S, Jairaj B, Naryanan S, Chandrasekhar K, Reddy M, Kumar S, Kumar R. Electricity sector governance in India: An analysis of institutions and practice. Washington, DC: EGI; 2006.
Golden M, Min B. Theft and loss of electricity in an Indian State. Working Paper 12/0060. London and Oxford: International Growth Centre; 2012.
Jain V. political economy of the electricity subsidy: Evidence from Punjab. Economic and Political Weekly; 2006.
James UV. Public policy and the African environment: An examination of the theory and practice of the planning process of the continent. In Kalu, A.K.(Ed.). Agenda Setting and Public Policy in Africa; Ashagte, England; 2004.
Chalton J. Badaso. Challenges of implementing procurement policy in states corporations in Kenya. European Journal of Business and Management. 2014;6(3).
Nyaboke JM, Arasa R, Ombui K. Effects of public procurement policies on organizational performance: A case of Water Services Regulatory Board. International Journal of Social Sciences and Entrepreneurship. 2013;1(5):89- 103.
Ndung’u JM. Effects of procurement policy on customer service delivery in telecommunication sector; A case of safaricom company limited. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management. 2017;4(2).
Obiero M. The challenges in the implementation of the 2005 procurement act on the Kenyan Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Master’s Degree Research Project; 2008. Available:library.uonbi.ac.ke
Public Procurement Asset and Disposal Act.Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 207 (Acts No. 33). Government Printer, Nairobi; 2015.
DEFRA. Procuring the future. The sustainable procurement task force national action plan. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London; 2006.
Available:actionplan/documents/full-document.pdf
European Commission. Green Public Procurement; 2005a.
Available:http://europa.eu.int/.comm/environment/gpp/background.htm#public
Preuss L. Addressing sustainable development through public procurement: The case of local Government, Supply Chain Management. 2009;14(3):213.
Klenke K. Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2016.
Saunders M, Lewis P, Thornhill A. Research methods for business students, 4th Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow; 2007.
Orodho J. Elements of education and social science research Methods. Maseno: Kanezja Publishers; 2009.
Catillo D. Research population; 2009. Available:http://www.explorable.com/research
Huber D. 'Sample size in research'. New York: The Free Press; 2008.
Yamane Taro. Statistics, An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row; 1967.
Kothari RC. Sampling techniques, Methods and techniques: Research methodology. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2012.
Anderson L. Research in Education. Sydney: Allen Unwin; 2011.
Kothari RC. Research methodology; methods and techniques. 2nd edition, New Age International Publishers; New Delhi; 2008.
Davis MJ. Procurement practices influencing service delivery: A case of Kenya power. European Journal of Logistics Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 2014;2(3):79-137.
Hox JJ, Boeije HR. Data collection, primary versus secondary; 2005.
Mawhood P. Decentralization: The concept and the practice. Local Government in the Third World. 1983;1-22.
Mansi M, Pandey R. Impact of demographic characteristics of procurement professionals on sustainable procurement practices: Evidence from Australia. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 2016;22(1):31-40.
Ruparathna R, Hewage K. Sustainable procurement in the Canadian construction industry: Current practices, drivers and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;109:305-314.
Sarhaye SA, Marendi DPN. Role of green procurement on organizational performance of manufacturing firms In Kenya: A case of cocacola company; 2017.
Ghana Integrity Initiative. Quarterly Newsletter; 2007.
Nichols P. Regulating transnational bribery in times of globalization and fragmentation. The Yale Journal of Internal law. 2002; 24(1):257-304.
Mullins DR. Accountability and coordination in a decentralized context: Institutional, fiscal and governance issues. Washington, DC: American University; 2003.
Organization Economy Corporation Development-development assistance commission. Methodology for assessment of national procurement systems. Paris, France: OECD; 2006.
Government Accountability Office. Framework for assessing the acquisition function at federal agencies (GAO-05-218G). Washington, DC: Author. Government of Uganda (2006). The Local Government (Amendments) Act, 2006. Kampala, Uganda: Author; 2005.
Trionfetti F. Discriminatory public procurement and international trade. World Economy. 2000; 23(1):57-76.
Leni W, Victoria C, Maia K, Dan H. Common constraints and incentive problems in service delivery. Overseas Development Institute. 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD. UK; 2012.
Available:www.odi.org.uk
ESMAP. UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme; 2002a.
Defee C, Williams B, Randall WS, Thomas R. An inventory of theory in logistics and SCM research. The International Journal of Logistics Management. 2010;21(3):404-489.
Mentzer JT, Stank TP, Esper TL. Supply chain management and its relationship to logistics. Marketing, Production, and Operations Management. Journal of Business Logistics. 2008;29(1):31-46.
Obanda WP. Fighting corruption in tactical procurement. PHD dissertation; 2010.
Scott W Richard. Institutional theory. In Encyclopedia of Social Theory, George Ritzer, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2004;408-14.
Brammer S, Walker H. Sustainable procurement in the United Kingdom public sector. University of Bath School of Management Working Paper Series; 2007.
Sutinen JG, Kuperan K. A socio-economic theory of regulatory compliance. International Journal of Social Economics. 1999;174-193.
Lisa I. Compliance culture. A conceptual framework. Journal of management and organization. 2010;19(7):702-714.
Wilmshurst T, Frost G. Corporate environmental reporting: A test of Legitimacy theory. Accounting, Auditing, and Accountability Journal. 2000;13(1):10-26.
Hui WS, Othman RO, Normah O, Rahman RA, Haron NH. Procurement issues in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Sector Management. Irwin. 2011;24(6): 567-593.
Mugenda OM, Mugenda AG. Research methods: Quantitative & qualitative approaches. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies; 2003.
Schooner S, Whiteman N. Purchase cards and micro purchases. Public Procurement Law Review. 2000;9(4):148-170.
Tkachenko A, Yakovlev A, Kuznetsova A. Sweet deals: State-owned enterprises, corruption and repeated contracts in public procurement. Economic Systems. 2017; 3(1):33-44.
Rehmatulla N, Smith T, Tibbles L. The relationship between EU's public procurement policies and energy efficiency of ferries in the EU. Marine Policy. 2017; 75:278-289.
Vecchiato R, Roveda C. Foresight for public procurement and regional innovation policy: The case of Lombardy. Research Policy. 2014;43(2):438-450.
Thai KV. Public procurement re-examined. Journal of Public Procurement. 2001;1(1): 950.
Arrowsmith S. Government Procurement in the WTO. The Haque/ London/New York. Kluver Law International; 2003.
Bolton P. Government procurement as a policy tool in South Africa. Journal of Public Procurement. 2006;6:193–217.
Snider KF, Rendon RG. Public procurement policy: Implications for theory and practice. Journal of Public Procurement. 2008;8(3):310-333.
Sollish FB, Semanik Jones. Procurement and Supply Manager’s Desk: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
Thai KV. Introduction to Public Procurement, (5thed.). Florida Atlantic University; 2009.
Schapper PR, Malta JNV, Gilbert DL. An analytical framework for the management and reform of public procurement. Journal of Public Procurement. 2006;6(1&3):1-26.
Pillary S. Corruption – the Challenge to Good Governance: A South African Perspective, Melbourne, Australia; 2004.
Lodhia SK, Burritt RL. Public sector accountability failure in an emerging economy: The case of the National Bank of Fiji. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 2004;17(4):345–359.
Akech JM. Development partners and governance of public procurement in Kenya. enhancing democracy in the administration of aid. International Law and Politics. 2005;37(4):829-68.
Tukamuhabwa BR. Antecedents and consequences of public procurement non-compliance behavior. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies. 2012; 4(1):34-46.
Cibinic Jr J, Nash Jr RC. Administration of Government Contracts. 3rd edn. Washington, DC. George Washington University, Government Contracts Program; 1995.
Basheka BC, Bisangabasaija E. Determinants of unethical public procurement in local government systems of Uganda: a case study. Int. J. Procurement Management. 2010;3(1):91-104.
Mahmood SAI. Public procurement and corruption in Bangladesh. Confronting the challenges and opportunities. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research. 2010;2(6):103-111.
Brown B, Hyer N. Managing Projects: A Team-Based Approach, International Edition, Singapore, McGraw- Hill; 2010.
Raymond J. Benchmarking in public Procurement. Benchmarking: An International Journal. 2008;15(6):782-793.
Mamiro RG. Value for money, the limping pillar in public procurement. Tanzania Procurement Journal. 2010;4 -5.
James UV. Public policy and the African environment: An examination of the Theory and practice of the planning process of the continent. In Kalu, A.K.(Ed.). Agenda Setting and Public Policy in Africa; Ashagte, England; 2004.
Roodhooft F, Abbeele AVD. Public procurement of consulting services Evidence and comparison with private companies. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 2006;19(5):490- 512.
Batley R. The new public management in developing countries: Implications for policy and organizational reform. Journal of International Development. 1999;11(5): 761-765.
Fisher E, Corbalán S. Fair trade and European public procurement: Legal principles and governance dynamics. Social Enterprise Journal. 2013;9(1):11-27.
Onyango CJ. Effects of procurement planning on institutional performance: A case study of Mombasa Law Court. International Journal of Science and Research. 2016;3(358):2319-7064.
Hussein IMR, Shale IN. Effects of sustainable procurement practices on organisational performance in manufacturing sector in Kenya: A case of Unilever Kenya Limited. European Journal of Business Management. 2014;1(11): 417-438.
David RA, Muthini JN. Influence of green supply chain management practices on procurement performance of private health institutions in Kenya: A case of Aga Khan Hospital Kisumu. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management. 2019; 6(2):1378-1396.
Nyoike, Ismail. Effects of sustainable procurement practices on service delivery in the manufacturing sector in Kenya: A case of Unilever Kenya Limited. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research. 2017;5(2): 298- 306.
Murutu. Sustainable procurement strategies and supply chain performance of five-star hotels in Nairobi County, Kenya. University of Nairobi; 2016.
Kiswili EN, Ismail NS. Role of sustainable procurement practices on supply chain performance of manufacturing sector in Kenya: A case study of East African Portland cement company. European Journal of Logistics, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 2016;4(3):1-31.
Aila, Ototo. Sustainable procurement concept: Does it all add up? International Journal of Development and Sustainability. 2018;7(2):448-457.
Islam M, Turki A, Murad W, Karim A. Do sustainable procurement practices improve organisational performance. Sustainability; 2017.
Oyuke OH, Shale N. Role of Strategic procurement practices on service delivery; A case study of Kenya national audit office county. European Journal of Business Management. 2014;2(1):336-341.
Boraya WN. Collaborative public procurement and performance among state corporations in Kenya. University of Nairobi; 2013.
Igarashi M, Boer L, Michelsen O. Investigating the anatomy of supplier selection in green public procurement. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014; 108(1):442-450
Uttam K, Roos C. Competitive dialogue procedure for sustainable public procurement. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;86(1):403-416. Van Weele AJ. Purchasing & Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice (4th ed.). Australia: Thomson; 2014.
Witjes S, Lozano R. Towards a more circular economy: Proposing a framework linking sustainable public procurement and sustainable business models. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2012;112(9): 37-44.
Sonnino R, McWilliam S. Food waste, catering practices and public procurement: A case study of hospital food systems in Wales. Food Policy. 2011;36(6):823-829.
Dixit S, Dubash N, Maurer C, Nakhooda S. Benchmarking Best Practice & Promoting Accountability in the Electricity Sector. Washington, DC: EGI; 2007.
EGI (Electricity Governance Initiative) South Africa. The governance of power: Shedding a light on the electricity sector in South Africa. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute and Prayas Energy Group; 2007.
Mahalingam S, Jairaj B, Naryanan S, Chandrasekhar K, Reddy M, Kumar S, Kumar R. Electricity sector governance in India: An analysis of institutions and practice. Washington, DC: EGI; 2006.
Golden M, Min B. Theft and loss of electricity in an Indian State. Working Paper 12/0060. London and Oxford: International Growth Centre; 2012.
Jain V. political economy of the electricity subsidy: Evidence from Punjab. Economic and Political Weekly; 2006.
James UV. Public policy and the African environment: An examination of the theory and practice of the planning process of the continent. In Kalu, A.K.(Ed.). Agenda Setting and Public Policy in Africa; Ashagte, England; 2004.
Chalton J. Badaso. Challenges of implementing procurement policy in states corporations in Kenya. European Journal of Business and Management. 2014;6(3).
Nyaboke JM, Arasa R, Ombui K. Effects of public procurement policies on organizational performance: A case of Water Services Regulatory Board. International Journal of Social Sciences and Entrepreneurship. 2013;1(5):89- 103.
Ndung’u JM. Effects of procurement policy on customer service delivery in telecommunication sector; A case of safaricom company limited. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management. 2017;4(2).
Obiero M. The challenges in the implementation of the 2005 procurement act on the Kenyan Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Master’s Degree Research Project; 2008. Available:library.uonbi.ac.ke
Public Procurement Asset and Disposal Act.Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 207 (Acts No. 33). Government Printer, Nairobi; 2015.
DEFRA. Procuring the future. The sustainable procurement task force national action plan. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London; 2006.
Available:actionplan/documents/full-document.pdf
European Commission. Green Public Procurement; 2005a.
Available:http://europa.eu.int/.comm/environment/gpp/background.htm#public
Preuss L. Addressing sustainable development through public procurement: The case of local Government, Supply Chain Management. 2009;14(3):213.
Klenke K. Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2016.
Saunders M, Lewis P, Thornhill A. Research methods for business students, 4th Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow; 2007.
Orodho J. Elements of education and social science research Methods. Maseno: Kanezja Publishers; 2009.
Catillo D. Research population; 2009. Available:http://www.explorable.com/research
Huber D. 'Sample size in research'. New York: The Free Press; 2008.
Yamane Taro. Statistics, An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row; 1967.
Kothari RC. Sampling techniques, Methods and techniques: Research methodology. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2012.
Anderson L. Research in Education. Sydney: Allen Unwin; 2011.
Kothari RC. Research methodology; methods and techniques. 2nd edition, New Age International Publishers; New Delhi; 2008.
Davis MJ. Procurement practices influencing service delivery: A case of Kenya power. European Journal of Logistics Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 2014;2(3):79-137.
Hox JJ, Boeije HR. Data collection, primary versus secondary; 2005.
Mawhood P. Decentralization: The concept and the practice. Local Government in the Third World. 1983;1-22.
Mansi M, Pandey R. Impact of demographic characteristics of procurement professionals on sustainable procurement practices: Evidence from Australia. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 2016;22(1):31-40.
Ruparathna R, Hewage K. Sustainable procurement in the Canadian construction industry: Current practices, drivers and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;109:305-314.
Sarhaye SA, Marendi DPN. Role of green procurement on organizational performance of manufacturing firms In Kenya: A case of cocacola company; 2017.
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